Incidents in the Life of a slave girl. Essays (1481 words)

Incidents in the Life of a slave girl. To have read the book the incidents in the life of a slave girl brought tears to my eyes and sadness to my heart. Just to read and understand the life of being a slave and all that was endured by the slaves. When one is treated like a piece of property, like an animal rather than like a human being all due to the color of their skin. The slaves were treated as animals, as property and not as ones having feelings, or having a soul a life or admiration. They were sold as animals and brought with the highest bid. Sad so sad to be treaty as nobodies, to be taken from ones own safe haven, from ones own environment and to be captured as animals shackled in chains and put on a ship to be taken across to an unknown territory to be bought as property. To have been beaten like an animal until the blood shed from one's body, mocked laughed at, belittled, having to call another human being master and to be given a name that wasn't your own. Bought by a slaveholder and belittled and disgraced as a human being, a cry for freedom is a cry that was felt in the hearts of every slave particularly by those who were being very mistreated and beat upon on a regular basis. A cry for freedom is the cry one could possibly hear back in the day of slavery. Harriet Jacobs was a slave who for the most part had a good life as a slave, she was not beaten on a regular basis nor did she have to go without as far as having a good meal. She had family and friends who loved and cared about her. And as time goes on she had children who also loved and cared for her and were also treated very well for the most part. But she wanted more out of her life than to be just a slave, she wanted her freedom, and there's nothing wrong with that. Harriet possessed a strength that is beyond compare, she possessed a will power that helped her to believe in herself and to know that she was more than just a piece of property, a piece of meat. Harriet was harassed by her slaveholder, Mr. Flint on a regular basis. Today one knows that the type of harassment that Mr. Flint was expressing towards Harriet was sexual harassment. He was obsessed with her in a sickening way. But Harriet kept the faith and stuck to her beliefs, her dignity and her respect and never gave into Mr. Flint, although she did give into a Mr. Sands. Not only did she give into Mr. Sands but she has two babies by him and this brings out a serious rage from Mr. Flint, and Harriet refuses all deals made by Mr. Flint. Harriet runs away from her slaveholder and becomes a fugitive. This is when the fugitive law is first talked about in this book. "In April 24, 1851 a poster warning colored people in Boston about policemen acting as slave catchers." It read "CAUTION!!!! COLORED PEOPLE OF BOSTON, ONE ALL you are hereby respectfully CAUTIONED and advised, to avoid conversing with the Watchmen and Police Officers of Boston," The poster was basically warning the colored people that the Mayor had sent out an order giving kidnappers and slave catchers authority, and for the colored people to trust no one because there were bloodhounds out on their tracks trying to track in order to return them. "The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 was a Federal Law which was written with the intention of enforcing Article 4 Section 2 of the United States Constitution." This constitution required that runaway slaves, fugitives be returned to their masters even after they had made it to free states. The Fugitive Slave Act was an act in which the issues for runaways was older than the Constitution. It proved to be the most explosive act of the Compromise measures. What ever happened to the Golden Rule? This means we should treat others the way we want to be treated. The precepts Of

Walmart Fighting World Hunger †How it affects Sales Essays

Walmart Fighting World Hunger – How it affects Sales Essays Walmart Fighting World Hunger – How it affects Sales Essay Walmart Fighting World Hunger – How it affects Sales Essay Essay Topic: Nashville Walmart Fighting World Hunger – How it affects Sales Name: Course: Date: Wal-Mart Fighting World Hunger – How it affects Sales Hunger has continued to be a major threat in most world countries, affecting millions of people especially in America. Nashville Wal-Mart market manager, Wade Hunt wants to make a big change to solve the issue of hunger. On a daily basis, many families countrywide have to deal with the constant task of fending for themselves and their loved ones. Indeed, the USDA reported that during the course of the year, almost sixteen percent of the population was unaware of the next source of their meal. This takes a toll on all members of the nation, with millions of people left at the brink of despair every day. This includes both children and senior citizens who are the most vulnerable members of the society. This is a major concern and Wal-Mart is inimitably positioned to make a significant impact, by working with nonprofit associates, societies and its own clientele in order to alleviate hunger in the nation. â€Å"Fighting Hunger Together† initiative was launched in 2010 by Wal-Mart and Wal-Mart Foundation. It committed a $2 billion cash and in kind kitty, through to 2015, to assist in stamping out hunger across the nation. This scheme allows a room for Walmart’s expansion and leverages his magnitude and assets to offer wholesome provisions and enable the Wal-Mart Foundation to award subsidy to nonprofits that aids to solve the great issue. Donations in form of cash, mobile pantries, food, refrigerated trucks and other forms of resources are bringing a great change in the lives of many Americans. To date, the initiative has provided more that $122 million donations and 594 million pounds of provisions to counties across the country. By the end of 2015, the initiative is expected to have achieved various goals. Firstly, the initiative will have contributed in excess of 1.1 pounds of food from Wal-Mart stores, Sam’s club location and major distribution centers valued at approximately $1.75 billion. This would highly boost sales in the stores because the products would be in high demand. The Wal-Mart stores will highly demand the hunger fighting tools, mainly food and other resources from the suppliers from the agricultural sectors, which would highly boost sales in all the affected sectors and parties involved. The initiative will also honor $250 million in funding to the benefit of hunger relief associations in all levels countrywide, thus being charitable to the society. Further, it would also mobilize Wal-Mart Associates and customers to work together in the fight against hunger in America. This would create awareness among people across the country and would sensitize the people on the methods ways to curb hunger and have a long lasting solution to the problem in America. Further, the initiative aims to collaborate with the government, other foundations and corporations and food manufacturers, to better understand and eliminate hunger in America. Through the government support, the initiative will help to create awareness at all levels on the measures required in the plan to alleviate hunger in the nation. The food manufacturers will also be armed in order to supply enough food and other products in the hunger stricken areas in America. Other foundations and corporations will help to secure and provide grants to eradicate hunger in the country and act as avenues that will enable the initiative reach the affected people and areas. In the fight against hunger, the government, food manufacturers and other foundations should cooperate and have a common goal to eliminate hunger.

marine bio Essay

marine bio Essay marine bio Essay Ms. Welsh Marine Biology Portfolio 2 May 2013 Bald Eagle Figure 1 (Bald Eagle) The Bald Eagle is brown speckled when young. It also has a snowy, feathered head and a white tail. The shape of this bird is like any other bird but way bigger. This monstrous bird can weigh up to 14 pounds. The wingspan can also be anywhere from 6 to 8 feet wide. The body of a Bald Eagle can be 34 to 43 inches long. These beautiful birds live along coastlines and woodlands and are abundant in Alaska and Canada. Physical Description: The Bald Eagle is no average bird you see in your neighborhood. At a young age the bird has brown speckled coat. The Bald Eagle has a snowy, feathered head, which is why they call it a Bald Eagle. The bird also has a white tail. This massive eagle can weigh up to 14 pounds, which is heavier than a gallon of milk. The body of a Bald Eagle is 34 inches to 43 inches long with a 6 to 8 foot wingspan, larger than any NBA player in the league. Habitat Description: The Bald Eagle can be found anywhere in America but they are abundant in Alaska and Canada. These large birds like to live near water (coasts) and the woodlands because of the prime hunting of fish and small rodents. The bald Eagle likes to rest in the trees of woodlands and wait to strike their prey in the grass or in the dirt. While living on the coastline they will hunt their prey in the vicious waters with their talons. These Habitats allow easy hunting, which is the main goal of a Bald Eagle. Bald Eagles have also been found in Florida and Mexico. The highlighted yellow areas are the ares where Bald Eagles have been found. The browner areas are areas where the Bald Eagle has not been found. Figure 2 (Bald Eagle Range) The Bald Eagle is a magnificent creature that is independent while hunting. This animal is the Animal most known in the USA. Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Oder: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitride Genus: Haliaeetus Species: H. leucocephalus Scientific Name: Haliaeetus leucocephalus

About the US Civil Rights Act of 1875

About the US Civil Rights Act of 1875 The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was a United States federal law enacted during the post-Civil War Reconstruction Era that guaranteed African Americans equal access to public accommodations and public transportation.  The Act came less than a decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1866 had taken the nation’s first steps towards civil and social equality for black Americans after the Civil War.   The law read, in part: â€Å"†¦ all persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement; subject only to the conditions and limitations established by law, and applicable alike to citizens of every race and color, regardless of any previous condition of servitude.† The law also prohibited the exclusion of any otherwise qualified citizen from jury duty because of their race and provided that lawsuits brought under the law must be tried in the federal courts, rather than state courts. The law was passed by the 43rd United States Congress on February 4, 1875, and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1875. Parts of the law were later ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in the Civil Rights Cases of 1883. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was one of the main pieces of Reconstruction legislation passed by Congress after the Civil War. Other laws enacted included the Civil Rights Act of 1866, four Reconstruction Acts enacted in 1867 and 1868, and three Reconstruction Enforcement Acts in 1870 and 1871. The Civil Right Act in Congress Initially intended to implement the 13th and 14th amendments to the Constitution, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 traveled a long and bumpy five-year journey to final passage. The bill was first introduced in 1870 by Republican Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, widely regarded as one of the most influential civil rights advocates in Congress. In drafting the bill, Sen. Sumner was advised by John Mercer Langston, a prominent African American attorney and abolitionist who would later be named the first dean of the Howard University law department. In considering his Civil Rights Act to be the key to achieving the highest goals of Reconstruction, Sumner once stated, â€Å"Very few measures of equal importance have ever been presented.† Sadly, Sumner did not survive to see his bill voted on, dying at age 63 of a heart attack in 1874. On his deathbed, Sumner pleaded to famed African-American social reformer abolitionist, and statesman Frederick Douglass, â€Å"Don’t let the bill fail.† When first introduced in 1870, the Civil Rights Act not only banned discrimination in public accommodations, transportation, and jury duty, it also prohibited racial discrimination in schools. However, in the face of growing public opinion favoring enforced racial segregation, Republican lawmakers realized that the bill had no chance of passing unless all references to equal and integrated education were removed. Over the many long days of debate on the Civil Rights Act bill, lawmakers heard some of the most impassioned and impactful speeches ever delivered on the floor of the House of Representatives. Relating their personal experiences of discrimination, African American Republican representatives carried the debated in favor of the bill. â€Å"Every day my life and property are exposed, are left to the mercy of others and will be so long as every hotel-keeper, railroad conductor, and steamboat captain can refuse me with impunity,† said Rep. James Rapier of Alabama, adding famously, â€Å"After all, this question resolves itself into this: either I am a man or I am not a man.† After nearly five years of debate, amendment, and compromise the Civil Rights Act of 1875 won final approval, passing in the House be a vote of 162 to 99. Supreme Court Challenge Considering slavery and racial segregation to be different issues, many white citizens in the Northern and the Southern states challenged Reconstruction laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1875, claiming they unconstitutionally infringed of their personal freedom of choice. In an 8-1 decision issued on October 15, 1883, the Supreme Court declared key sections of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to be unconstitutional. As part of its decision in the combined Civil Rights Cases, the Court held that while the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibited racial discrimination by the state and local governments, it did not grant the federal government the power to prohibit private individuals and organizations from discriminating on the basis of race. In addition, the Court held that the Thirteenth Amendment had been intended only to ban slavery and did not prohibit racial discrimination in public accommodations. After the Supreme Court’s ruling, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 would be the last federal civil rights law enacted until ​the  passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 during the early stages of the modern Civil Rights Movement. Legacy of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 Stripped of all protections against discrimination and segregation in education, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 had little practical impact on racial equality during the eight years it was in force before being struck down by the Supreme Court.   Ã‚   Despite the law’s lack of immediate impact, many provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 were eventually adopted by Congress during the civil rights movement as part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 (the Fair Housing Act). Enacted as part of the Great Society social reform program of President Lyndon B. Johnson, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 permanently outlawed segregated public schools in America.

Written assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Written assignment 2 - Essay Example On the other hand, the media emphasizes on the negativity of global warming without considering any possible benefits from global warming. Considering the negative and positive sides of the issue, I can claim that global warming is more of a myth than a reality. This paper will, therefore, discuss factors that make global warming to be more of a myth than a reality. Carbon dioxide from industrial processes and industrialization has been considered as the main cause of global warming. Although industrial carbon dioxide has been linked with global warming, there are no known facts on the effects of carbon dioxide on increase in global temperature. Carbon dioxide composes about 3% of the atmosphere at normal condition. The atmospheric component of carbon dioxide is insignificant compared to other gases such as nitrogen and oxygen that compose the atmosphere. From this comparison, it is evident that carbon dioxide cannot cause a major change in the atmosphere as well as changes or effects that can be caused by other gases. The fact that carbon dioxide is not sufficient to cause a major change in global climate nullifies the possibility of global warming. If global warming resulted from other atmospheric gases, then it would be possible to realize the effects of global warming. Any effect resulting from the expected global warming is attributed to human activities such as industrialization and deforestation. Industrialization has been considered as the main factor that leads to increased carbon dioxide rate in the atmosphere. On the other hand, plants assist by eliminating carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Deforestation, therefore, creates an imbalance between the carbon dioxide added into the atmosphere and the amount of carbon dioxide eliminated from the atmosphere. Global warming is a myth that people have been made to believe. The effects of carbon dioxide also contribute to the controversy of the issue. It

Summary and response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary and response - Essay Example As a function of this level of profusion and the effects that it has on the individual, Jessica Statsky writes in her essay, â€Å"Children Need to Play, Not Compete† that this societal understanding and drive towards competition is ultimately extremely harmful. As a function of analyzing this piece, the following few paragraphs will seek to provide a summary of some of Statsky’s main ideas and draw inference upon the strength and tenor of these ideas. Ultimately, as the title implies, Statsky discusses the fact that competition is harmful to the means by which a child should develop. Instead of allowing this type of competitive streak to define the way in which children are raised, Statsky offers that a far more reasonable approach is to allow nature to take its course and allow children to develop at their own place through play. Although play has oftentimes been mischaracterized as a waste of time, the fact of the matter is that Statsky, as well as a host of other ch ild psychologists and developmental specialists, point to the fact that play serves an integral role in helping to develop a host of interactional and developmental goals within the child; goals that Statsky argues could never be realized within the unnatural and contrived realm of competition that children are all too often thrust into. ... Ultimately, long before reading Statsky’s piece, the reader came to an understanding that the unimaginative nature of competitive sports has served to constrain the abilities of children and harness their otherwise eager and unbridled sense of wonder and discovery. Due to the fact that the child is unable to integrate the differential between the overall importance of winning and the overall importance of understanding the more nuanced aspects of human behavior are not emphasized. This is of special importance due to the fact that the scope and importance of whatever sport is being engaged in is lost uon the child as the act of winning and losing becomes the sole drive that motivates the participant and defines the importance of reality(Statsky 3). Further, it is the understanding of this particular reviewer that one of the most negative aspects of the means by which competition integrates itself with the child is with relation to the fact that the child is oftentimes first in tegrated with the rules and understanding of competitive sport prior to being made aware of the rules that constrain society and morality in general. This of course represents the primal case of getting the priorities of life confused; thereby adding to a faulty and flawed understanding of the way in which individuals should prioritize and relate to one another. The reader should understand that although not all competitive sport is necessarily bad, the use of competitive sport as a means of educating children with regards to the realities of life and the means by which they should integrate with one another is fundamentally flawed. In such a way, it is the strong belief of this author that the ideas that were put forward by Statsky were precisely correct in

Redevelopment of Ratho Station Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Redevelopment of Ratho Station - Essay Example One such initiative is to link Ratho station region with BAA, Edinburgh. The components of transportation units proposed composed of combination of tram network supported by cycle ways and car ways. Also, the main access to the Ratho station road cannot presently accommodate huge impact. As a result, it is proposed to construct new road which will link the new road to the Glasgow road. Further, to regulate the traffic flow would be by using separate lanes for both entry into the station and also for exist from the station. This one way network would consist of the proposed road to the station to carry vehicles towards the station and the exist and the station road for those moving out of the station. Installation of proper road signs and display boards , road markings and clear way signs all need to be indicated properly. Also, the display signs shall also incorporate better reflective type of materials to improve visibility in the case of winter and foggy days. The thrust for sustainable development initiatives in the Ratho region have forced the authorities to consider different policies that limit the public using large number of private vehicles. This have forced the regional council to decide not to provide extended car parking facility at the station premises (Edinburgh, n.d.). Thus a few spaces need to be earmarked for the disabled for whom such facilities need to be appropriately provided. The best location identified for such cases is at the main entrance of the station itself. It is estimated that nearly 10 numbers of parking spaces shall be provided as the disabled car parking facility at the main Ratho station entrance. And, to easy movement of the disabled passengers from the parking space to the platform separate wide footway along with the ramp need to be constructed. Such facilities would make Ratho station to be accessed by all in the society without much difficulty. Public transportation The existing facilities for public transportation at the Ratho station region is very minimal. The service of the buses is limited to trip generated by single route available in the region. The prevailing route is the network lining Ratho village, Ratho station and Edinburgh Airport. Thus the initiative to reduce private vehicles also makes the administration to look for increased number of public buses along these routes. Another recommendation being presented to the change the trip frequency to 10 to 15 minutes as a result of which better comfort for public would be experienced. Another major development in connection with the public transportation facility is implementing effective tram network in Ratho region. The major drawback often stated against the trams are its very low travel speed and the obstructions caused by their overhead wires. Thus a concept of underground tram network is mooted in the planning discussions. The route proposed as part of the development initiative w ould start from north side of Ratho station. It would then run parallel to the entry road and later separate to move beneath the Glasgow road through the tunnel. The tram way extends further along the Glasgow road and continues up the airport and finally closes at the new tram station. As large number of heavy vehicles are also expected to pass this region necessary facilities are also

Colonization of Asia and Africa from the 19th Century into the 20th Essay

Colonization of Asia and Africa from the 19th Century into the 20th - Essay Example Colonialism was thus a very important element during the late centuries and in which different nations had been colonized. Having been colonized, there were great chances of having a change of nationalism, and hence it was upon the people of such countries to manage to over the colonialists through their nationalism. In this paper, we will examine how and Western European nations began colonizing Asia and Africa from the 19th century into the 20th. This is achieved through responding to various questions on the subject. There are several steps that Europeans took in order to keep colonized people under control in Africa. History has been able to give a number of developments which have been able to give the steps that Europeans used to keep colonized people under control. From a literal perspective, it is clear that colonialism in the past years was known to take a varied number of forms. These forms included the political aspect, the legal approaches, the cultural structures, the ec onomics, and even the social structures (Pouwels & Adler, 2007).This saw a number of people being influenced by their colonizers. This resulted in a number of issues and differences which saw a great change. The Europeans employed different strategies and policies to maintain colonized people under their control. For instance, the policy of assimilation guaranteed that the colonies were obedient to their masters, thus being able to put them under control. Moreover, the divide and rule strategy ensured that all colonized people remained with no unity, and therefore promoting easy control by the Europeans. Following the Treaty of Versailles, England and France made various claims about colonized people and had a certain plan for eventually giving colonized people their independence. With reference research, the Treaty of Versailles was coiled to create peace between the five countries; that is, the U.S, Germany, France, Australia, and Britain after WWI (Pouwels & Adler, 2007). Buildin g on research, it is clear that France and England made various claims about colonized people. Such claims were that the colonized people deserved acquiring their freedom and restoring their lost glory and resources. Based on the fact that France and England did not focus on obtaining resources from the colonized nations, they decided that giving the colonized people their independence was the most beneficial thing that would define their development. Despite the above point of view, France and England had ideological differences with other colonizers. Such ideological differences defined their stand to fight for freedom for all people regardless of their color, race, and ethnicity. Undeniably, there was an effort that the European made between WWI and WWI to start moving colonies toward eventual independence. The continued oppression and slowly engraving of understanding that their resources and freedom were being compromised saw the great need of coming with movements through whic h they would safeguard their sovereignty and be able to achieve a great deal of freedom which had been greatly suppressed by the colonialist powers (Pouwels & Adler, 2007). In most of the countries that were being colonized, it has been shown that there was a great connection when it came to colonial attributes and the need of fending for the people’s nationalism. In order to be able to restore their once glory and become free once again, majority of the colonists decided to employ diverse means of engagement which would play a big role towards maintaining their freedom and nationalism. However, it is worth noting that all the above was founded on the efforts of the Europeans. The Arabs

Organizational Culture Amazon Case Study Term Paper

Organizational Culture Amazon Case Study - Term Paper Example The Amazon Company exhibits a market culture since it gives utmost focus to market stability and control but with an external orientation. The company constantly motivates the employees and ensures stability and control of the market. The company considers companies’ ways as poor habits and, therefore, teaches its employees to learn how to solve problems. Besides, the secret phone directory ensures that every employee and boss is ever doing something geared towards increasing the company’s productivity. The company’s gross attention is on the customers that the company gives little attention to the employees. Most employees resign after few years of working with the company. Other employees get fired after suffering minor or major personal crises as these are unproductive. The company is result oriented, and the employees who experience or suffer from miscarriages, cancer, and other personal crises have reduced productivity detrimental to the company’s obj ective of attaining the best competitiveness in the market. Additionally, employees toil till late in the night to ensure complete customer satisfaction. The organizational culture of the Amazon.com has been transferred from generation to generation of the employees. Numerous objects are available to ensure the transfer. Immediately an employee passes an interview, interviewers tell the new employees to leave their old work habits learned from previous workplaces and instead learn new Amazon singular working procedures.

Which Sources of Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Which Sources of Knowledge Essay Which Sources of Knowledge books, web sites, the media, personal experience, authorities or some other- do you consider most trustworthy, and why? Who Can You Trust? In a world filled with more accessible information than ever before, it is much more difficult to evaluate what is truth and what is not. Which sources can you trust? From books to personal experience, one must look carefully at each and determine its level of reliability. Some of the most trusted sources of knowledge are books. Almost everything we learn in school is from a book. We spend close to $300 every year to buy these teaching tools. Yet, have we ever stopped to think about the credibility of these sources? Many of us read books and automatically assume that the information is true. Our knowledge obtained from books is purely authoritative knowledge (with some exceptions). Therefore, we cannot fully trust the information in a book unless the authorities are credible. How can we establish this credibility? A books credibility relies on its authors credentials, sources, publisher, and copyright date. The author should be qualified in his or her field. One flaw in the book Mere Christianity is the fact that C. S. Lewis is not a qualified theologian, so a reader cannot accept all of his ideas so readily. A reader should always take into account the bibliography to ensure that the author is using factual sources. The book should be published by a well-known company, so that the reader knows the information has been rigorously tested and evaluated. In any book, one should always consider the copyright date. For literature, this will help the reader understand the historical context of the language, ideas, and arguments presented in the story. For science books, the copyright date must be new, because scientific knowledge changes almost every day. More importantly than any of these, it is up to the reader to read critically, being aware of any biases. For example, history books cannot always be trusted because history is often seen through a narrow scope. The American Revolution is so embraced by Americans because the Patriots fought against British oppression and taxes. However, the British taxes were not oppressive at all; they were actually negligible compared to the taxes we pay today. History books bring with them another area of knowledge with its own problems. It is impossible to completely record the events of history with perfect accuracy. Everything written should be read with a critical eye. While much information is obtained through books, surely the largest source of information is the Internet. Can web sites be trusted? Once again, we are faced with the problems of authoritative knowledge with Internet web sites. They are created by someone whom you most likely do not know, so how can you be sure that the information given is truth? Web sites should be treated in the same manner as books, but more web sites should be less trusted than books for several reasons. Almost anybody can create a website, but not everybody can publish a book. A web site does not undergo the same rigorous editing tests that books do. A class of 16 year olds created websites for a school project, but not all of those websites contain truth. When obtaining information from the Internet, it would be even more important to compare the information given from many different web sites. If the same information is found repeatedly and consistently in many different web sites, it is most likely a sure fact. Again, a critical eye must be used, making sure the web site creator bases his or her arguments on logical reasoning and accepted facts, and not careless emotions. Books and web sites are generally trusted sources of knowledge, but the media is a highly criticized medium, for good reason.

Haunted, Joyce Carol Oats: Analysis

Haunted, Joyce Carol Oats: Analysis Haunted by Joyce Carol Oates is a great story about two young girls that are, like most young girls, very adventurous. It is a postmodernism story that was highly impacted by the, then new ideas of psychoanalysis. I like the way in this time period that everything isnt happy, its more realistic. Oates did a great job of creating a sense of fragmentation and isolation in this story. Melissa starts with some background, about how everything got started. Talking about how her mother told her ghosts werent real, but just superstition, and how it was unsafe to go tramping around these old abandoned houses. She then gets very jumpy, jumping from past to present. This sort of threw me off, but she accomplished the sense of fragmentation by doing this. She then goes on to say how stories begin with Once upon a time and how she couldnt tell her stories that way, because thats how fairy tales began. In the fifth grade, Melissa had a teacher, Mrs. Harding who was very picky about messy notebooks. More is expected of you, Melissa, so you disappoint me more is what Mrs. Harding would say to Melissa about her journal grade, making her feel isolated. And Mary Lou, her friend wouldnt help the situation any. Mrs. Harding died of a stroke, and Mary Lou blamed it on the two of them, that was because of us, wasnt it, also creating the sense of isolation. Melissa always thought Mary Lou was the prettiest girl, and that she was ugly, again making her feel isolated. Then she jumps back to present time. This part was hard for me to wrap my head around, I had to read the whole story a few times to understand what was going on, but when I did, I really liked it. She talks about how shes older, husband dead for nearly a year..children scattered, once again, isolated. But now it doesnt seem to bother her, she likes the way there is no one to interrupt..no one to pry. But she isnt content with the way she looks, being older, so she avoids mirrors, to make her feel younger. Then she jumps back in time, but not back to her childhood with Mary Lou, but with her husband. They were in a cornfield, and she was running from him, she began to hear the rustling sound, the sound of voices. She felt he could never love her, because she was the ugly one, comparing herself to Mary Lou, whom he had never met. Once again, making her feel isolated. Then back again to her childhood with Mary Lou. A story about the Medlocks, and their farm. Mr. Medlock died in one of the barns, and Mrs. Medlock found him, and how she went crazy and was put in a state hospital. Of course Melissa and Mary Lou wondered if the house or barns were haunted, and they just couldnt stay away. They explored the barns, and peeped in the house windows, and climbed on the roof. Mary Lou would make comments about how shed like to burn this place down, and Melissa would get scared that she really would, again feeling isolated, and Mary Lou would laugh and say she was just playing. Melissas mother hated Mary Lou and tried to get Melissa to make better friends with the other girls. When Mary Lou and Melissa would go to town, Mary Lou would ignore Melissa when the other girls were around, then act like her best friend on the ride home. Once again, Melissa is isolated. Melissa was very jealous of Mary Lous long, blond, silky hair. She would dream about it, but by t he time she woke up, she would be confused if the hair was hers, or someone elses. Mary Lou was older, taller, a bit heavier, and in Melissas eyes, prettier. Melissa noticed that the older boys whistled at her, and the bus driver called her Blondie, but Melissa never got that attention. Mary Lou would make comments about how she wished all the cows would die..so her father would give up and sell the farm and they could live in town in a nice house and to Melissa, Mary Lou wanted to abandon her. Again, Melissa was feeling isolated. Later Melissa found out that the bank owned most of Mary Lous familys farm, even the dairy cows. In seventh grade, Mary Lou had a boyfriend who was older, and she picked Hans over Melissa, leaving her walking on the road by herself. She said she preferred to be alone, so she was isolated, but this time, by choice. Around this time, Melissa and Mary Lou go to the Minton house, where a man beat his wife to death and no one found out until he killed himself with a .12-guage shotgun. From the road the house looked big, and it seemed hard to believe that anything like that happened, but Melissa was wrong. Inside the house, Melissa heard low persistent murmuring but Mary Lou didnt act like she heard it, once again Melissa is isolated. Hans had stopped coming around, Mary Lous father had found out about it, Mary Lou would say I hate them all, and I wish.. which Im sure she would have taken back if she knew what was to become of her. They picked the Minton farm as the one they liked the best, picnicking on the front porch, acting like sisters, acting like they lived there. Melissa went back herself a few days later, and thats when she went upstairs and the woman greeted her. She was alone, but wasnt afraid. When the person told her to come away from the window, she took her time. This really surprised me, but this is probably the first time in the whole story that she didnt really feel isolated, but I definitely would! The way Oates didnt use quotation marks on what the person said to Melissa, until Melissa saw the woman confused me. The woman punished her, she became scared, then let her go. This is where the psychoanalysis comes in. Is she dreaming this woman is there, and this punishment happened? Because she talks about how she doesnt mind the smell of the room, and how its not her doing these things (taking off her pants/panties and lying down on the nasty bed.) Melissa told Mary Lou about the Minton house, but not that the woman wanted to see her like the woman asked, and Mary Lou went anyway. I think this is the first time in the story where Melissa feels like shes in control when it comes to hers and Mary Lous friendship., but this is what costs her the friendship. Mary Lou makes the comment I hate you..I always have and yes, again, Melissa is isolated. Then back to present day, and Melissa is confused. She knows what has happened in her life, but not what has happened in the pages of the notebook. Mary Lou was found murdered ten days after her hateful comment to Melissa, and Im sure Melissa felt as if it was partly her fault. Her mother made sure she knew that Jesus loves her too, and her parents wouldnt let her to go the funeral. Im sure she felt isolated. She finishes up the story with how she doesnt remember things that just happened as well as things that happened in the past, and with Once upon a time. Oates did a really good job of writing this story. It was very believable, if it wasnt true. She did a good job of using psychoanalysis, and a constant feel of isolation. I liked it a lot, I liked most of the Modernism/Postmodernism stories.

Abortion from an Ethical Point of View Essay -- Papers Birth Pregnancy

Abortion from an Ethical Point of View It is widely accepted that the fact of abortion has been a subject of conversation and controversy for many decades. Since the proportion of people who accept abortion as a ?normal? procedure is equal to the proportion of those who think of abortion as a ?crime?, through time a lot of measurements have been taken against abortion but concerning it?s defense as well. Although the fact of abortion has been examined through it?s scientific and religious side, in this assignment we will try and examine abortion from an ethical point of view. The best way for someone to refer to abortion on an ethical basis would probably be through the description and evaluation of the subject based on two of the most known theoretical approaches: those of Kant?s and of Utilitarianism (Act and Rule). Beginning with the approach of Utilitarianism, we must say that Utilitarianism, is concerned basically with pleasure and with pain. Therefore someone should be concerned with the amounts of pleasure and pain in situations where abortion is permitted as contrasted with the amounts of pleasure and pain where abortion is forbidden. It might be suggested that the main consideration would be the interests of the fetus: not only can its future life be expectedly happy (or at least having a balance of happiness over suffering) it might also be the case that the abortion itself is painful, particularly if it occurs later in the pregnancy. However this focus on the fetus is unwarranted since any suffering involved in the abortion itself can be avoided by simply aborting the pregnancy sooner (before the fetus has even developed the capability of suffering), or with painless techniques. The direct suffering of the fetus c... ...e next nine months and beyond. These factors carry at least some weight. Other potentially overriding factors complicate the rights of the fetus, such as whether the pregnancy resulted from rape, or contraception failure. Whatever the decision of a woman will be, it is a fact that she should be aware of all the elements mentioned above. I personally believe what John Locke implies in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) that ?it is part of the worship of God, not to kill another man, not to procure abortion, not to expose their children, not" Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Sterba, J.P.(ed) (1998) ? Ethics: The Big Questions Blackwell 2. Singer P. (ed) (1991) ? Ethics Blackwell REFERENCES: 1. Almond P. (ed) (1995) ? Introducing Applied Ethics Blackwell 2. Smart J.J.C & Williams B. (1973) ? Utilitarianism: For and Against Cambridge

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay -- English Literature

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde This novel is more than just a traditional horror story as it has many hidden and complex meanings and explanations, of what seem and would have normally before this book, been simple events. Stevenson has very strong opinions and some are expressed in the book. A traditional horror story would either be a super natural In this novel Stevenson's characters, Jekyll and Hyde, are stereotypes of people who are 'good' and 'evil'. The good is the friendly doctor (the caring profession) and the evil is the hunched, ugly murderer. These two stereotypes combine to create the average man who has the capacity to be both 'good' and 'evil', and they have both 'good' and 'evil' thoughts and emotions. All people have the same emotions, some good and some bad and, like Hyde, when you follow the evil emotions like hate, jealousy and revenge, you are considered evil. Jekyll and Hyde both have these 'evil' emotions but what makes Jekyll 'good' is that he hides them, Jekyll is driven by reason whereas Hyde is driven by desire, he'll do what he wants when he wants. Londonand Jekyll's Houses The street where Jekyll lives is described as merely an anonymous street in London, whose shop fronts "like rows of smiling women" have a brightness that stands out in contrast to the dingy neighborhood. And yet on this street, two doors from the corner, stands a dreary, Gothic house, which "bore in every feature the marks of prolonged and sordid negligence." As we proceed further in the novel, Jekyll's houses will be seen to have their own connection with the characters prosperous, respectable, as well as threatening, mysterious, and sinister. It is clear by each of its two appearances the respectable; Je... ...public has seen only a veneer of my real self." This is true due mostly to the fact that no one knew Mr. Hyde was a part of Dr. Jekyll. Jekyll constantly emphasizes the greatness of his background. He reminds us of his wealthy family, and great education. But he also states "that man is not truly one, but truly two." Dr. Jekyll needed something, or someone to represent the evil which has built up inside of him. He created this through experiments, which lead to a potion. This potion transformed him anytime he wanted. He was transformed into Mr. Hyde. Evil is just a small portion of men, perhaps that is why Mr. Hyde had a dwarfish appearance. The main point was that the potion took over his life, and Dr. Jekyll finally realizes he is unable to transform back into his goodness. He attempts to commit suicide, as this is his only way of destroying Mr. Hyde.

High Speed Trains

Rail Vehicle Systems H i g h – S p e e d Tra i n s Source: Siemens High-Speed Trains Air Supply | Brake Control | Bogie Equipment | Rail-Services | On-Board Source: Bombardier 2 Why do more and more high-speed train manufacturers and operators put their faith in Knorr-Bremse systems ? Rail Vehicle Systems Knorr-Bremse systems are impressive even at extremely high speeds At speeds of up to 400 km/h, enormous forces are generated. Trains that regularly travel long distances at high speeds require braking systems that can keep these forces under control – both safely and economically.As well as lightweight, compact systems that can be used worldwide, there is a need for intelligent control systems. Knorr-Bremse is regarded as an international pioneer in this field. On the basis of tried-and-tested technologies, we develop innovative solutions offering top levels of safety, reliability, and economy. The systems we have developed are so efficient that they also score top mar ks in terms of environmental friendliness. Customers enjoy full support from a single source – from the initial planning stage and commissioning right down to aftermarket services.Worldwide operator and customer audits regularly single out the consistent quality of our products and services for praise – and this is confirmed by our EN 50126 (RAMS and LCC) certification. 3 High-Speed Trains Systems Solutions For Every Market On-BOard S yS t e m S BOgie equipment a i r S u p p ly What is Knorr-Bremse’s complete â€Å"one-stop solution† for high-speed trains 4 ? Rail Vehicle Systems Air Supply Combined compressor and air treatment system Knorr-Bremse’s ready-to-install air supply equipment has been adapted in line with the trend towards increasingly compact, lightweight systems.Our product portfolio includes low-vibration and low-noise screw compressors with an output of between 600 and 2,500 l/min. as well as air dryers and condensate collectors. A p articularly economic solution is the first ever oil-free compressor, with life-cycle costs that are up to 50% lower than those of conventional compressors. B o gie Equipment Innovative design minimizes assembly and maintenance requirements Knorr-Bremse offers a wide range of compact, lightweight bogie equipment including low-maintenance compact brake calipers, low-wear brake discs, and innovative high-performance brake pads.Sinter pads reduce the life-cycle costs of electromagnetic track brakes by up to 40%. The eddy current brake is completely free of wear components. Brake Control Ensuring the intelligent interaction of all brake functions With brake control systems, Knorr-Bremse ensures optimum functioning of all systems involved in the braking process and allow reliable stopping of the train in all operating conditions.The highly flexible and configurable brake control system EP Compact, together with the modular electronic platform ESRA, manages the pressure control, anti-skid, wheel-slide monitoring and diagnostics, as well as further highly complex brake control functions. BraKe cO n t r O l O n-B oard Systems Doors, air-conditioning units, and more It is not just Knorr-Bremse braking systems that ensure greater safety and comfort in rail vehicles. Our on-board product portfolio covers a wide range of innovative products and solutions including vehicle and platform doors and air-conditioning units.We also produce state-of-the-art electronic diagnostic systems and windscreen wiper and wash systems. R ail-S er vices A partner for all requirements throughout the entire product life-cycle Knorr-Bremse offers a wide range of rail-services ranging from individual consultancy and collaborative product development to homologation, commissioning, training, maintenance, repair, upgrading, and overhaul of all components – as well as a reliable supply of OEM parts. Whether you opt for individual services or the full package, everything is provided locally, e ither on-site or in one of our global service centers.Testing Test benches for all products – worldwide Knorr-Bremse supplies test benches for all products and systems, customized and tailored to the customer’s requirements, to supplement longterm overhaul services with tools and products for daily maintenance. Several hundreds of test benches and test installations are in operational service with our customers worldwide – for example, as train brake tests, test benches for brake control products, compressors, air dryers, tread brakes, brake calipers, and more.A perfect balance of high-quality systems and services Knorr-Bremse’s expertise in the field has gone into every single component and system. Top-quality components operate smoothly together to guarantee optimum functionality, high reliability, and maximum safety. Complex electronic control systems such as blending and brake management reduce wear to a minimum by ensuring balanced operation of all s ystems. The system can be configured either to use the vehicle bus system or a separate bus exclusive to the braking system. For each project, customers are closely consulted at the design stage.It goes without saying that Knorr-Bremse offers support during the homologation process as well as all the necessary on-site services across the entire product life-cycle. 5 High-Speed Trains C u t t i n g – E d g e Te c h n o l o g i e s Compressors Oil-free compressor Compact Brake Calipers Easy to install, maintenance-free, unusually lightweight The compact brake caliper unit has a completely redesigned mechanism for applying braking force that allows for considerable transverse axle movement and tilt without generating any internal stresses.Requiring only a standard interface, it is easy to install, and sealed joints mean low maintenance. Its weight has also been reduced by up to an impressive 100 kg per bogie. Modular Brake Control EP Compact and ESRA – modular brake contr ol With EP Compact, Knorr-Bremse has developed a flexible and powerful brake control system with central and distributed control coming from one family. Core functions can be expanded by adding a wide range of options offered by various modules of the EP Compact product family.Especially for high-speed trains, Knorr-Bremse has developed innovative ESRA modules for new functions as defined in the TSI. Knorr-Bremse is the only brake supplier to offer an integrated solution for bogie monitoring and diagnostics comprising detection of non-rotating axles, derailment detection and additional diagnostic functions to improve service and maintenance. Knorr-Bremse was the first company in the rail vehicle industry to develop a compressor that operates without any oil. Lubrication is replaced by a special coating, and the unit is cooled by air taken in via the crankcase.This innovative product is a winner in both environmental and economic terms. Expenses for oil changes, oil separation, and c ondensate disposal are avoided, and energy consumption, weight, and installation space are significantly reduced. Innovations that pay their way Reducing wear and tear and maintenance costs is a good way of saving money. More than any other manufacturer, Knorr-Bremse has succeeded in finely coordinating the complex interplay of different braking systems. Brake components that are prone to wear are only used when the wear-free electro-dynamic braking cannot cope on its own.Even then, patented ISOBAR brake pads have proven longevity against conventional materials. Brake pads and discs require replacement less frequently, and their design enables them to be serviced rapidly. The brake calipers themselves are low maintenance. These examples demonstrate that if all the relevant factors are included in the calculation, the bottom line is savings for the customer. Customized service packages ensure that all Knorr-Bremse systems function smoothly for up to 30 years – anywhere in the world.The secret is our combination of OEM expertise and a highly efficient service infrastructure. 6 Rail Vehicle Systems Brake Management Intelligent braking Stefan Aurich Team Leader, System Engineering High-Speed Trains â€Å"We produce utterly reliable systems for rail vehicles that are subject to heavy use. Our products offer everything: easy handling, low-cost, and uncompromising levels of safety. † Economical braking is all about reducing the stress on wear components to a minimum. Knorr-Bremse ensures that friction brakes only come into operation when wear-free dynamic brakes are not enough.A brake management system for the entire train calculates brake force distribution based on different data: available brake effort of the individual brake systems, vehicle weights and adhesion limits, and thermal limits of the friction brake are taken into account to blend the different systems and achieve a balanced braking. is it true that Knorr-Bremse’s high-speed soluti ons are also the best in the world in terms of economy ? 7 High-Speed Trains Satisfied Customers †¦ 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wherever top quality is crucial for competitiveness Knorr-Bremse’s rail vehicle systems are not only cutting-edge technology – they are also market leaders.All over the world, when manufacturers and operators make purchasing decisions, they take a wide range of factors relating to safety and economics into consideration. They find that the best results are offered by Knorr-Bremse’s unique combination of experience and innovation. Many customers opt for the full range of Knorr-Bremse systems and components for their high-speed trains. Examples for equipped high-speed trains worldwide: 1 BR 407 2 AVE S 103 3 AGV Pegase 4 CRH3 5 AVE S 102 6 KTX Korea 8 †¦ Supplied With Excellent Products Air SupplyOil-free compressor Oil-free air (environmentally friendly, no downstream contamination) Less complex system / fewer interfaces (no oil filter, no c ondensate collector) Almost maintenance-free, very low LCC Screw compressor Special design, related to tough railway operation conditions Low compressor noise level Virtually pulsation-free, delivery of compressed air Brake Control EP Compact Flexible brake control platform Central and distributed control Compact design Continuous pneumatic load correction Full set of auxiliary functions CENELEC- and TSI-compliantModular ESRA Intelligent combination of pneumatic and electronic control Intelligent blending and brake management Modular and suitable to the various customer requirements CENELEC- and TSI-compliant Bogie Equipment Wheel- and axle-mounted brake disc Standardized interface and fixation on wheel Resistant against thermal cracks due to movable friction disc Robust design with high safety against external shock and vibration Compact brake caliper Only one interface to bogie Highly modular design Optimized design regarding weight, assembly, and costs Reduced maintenance 9 Rail Vehicle SystemsCompact units Compact, light, reliable Protected: developed especially for installation beneath the frame All components to be maintained can be reached through a maintenance port Air dryer Dual-chamber regeneration dryer Lightweight aluminum design Integrated pre-filtration elements COMORAN – Condition Monitoring for Railway Applications Condition monitoring and diagnosis Derailment detection Reducing life-cycle costs Fulfillment of TSI requirements Modular motion controller kit Brake, traction, and master controller Compatible with UIC standard Small, flexible installation space Robust design, proven applicationIsobar sinter brake pad Flexible sinter brake pad with highest brake performance Temperature resistant with constant friction behavior Long disc and pad life due to even temperature distribution on brake disc For overhaul, only replacement of friction elements necessary Eddy current brake No mechanical contact between brake and rail No wear and tear an d low maintenance Noiseless braking Brake force does not depend on friction coefficient Constant brake force even at high-speed applications 10 Rail Vehicle Systems Where have Knorr-Bremse solutions already been tried and tested ? 11 High-Speed Trains T h e F u t u r eWhat prospects for the future can Knorr-Bremse offer in the high-speed segment 12 ? Rail Vehicle Systems Secure Operation | Secure Investment | Secure Future The future belongs to technology leaders The extreme stress to which high-speed trains are subjected call for unusually high-performance, top-quality, and safe braking technologies. We offer to adapt every system to the specific operating conditions involved, thereby minimizing wear and tear and achieving top levels of economy and vehicle availability. As a manufacturer of braking systems with more than 100 years‘ experience, Knorr-Bremse has the necessary expertise to achieve this.High levels of R & D investment ensure that our systems remain cutting-edge a round the world. With railservices Knorr-Bremse offers a high-quality portfolio of maintenance and aftermarket services ranging from original spare parts and maintenance agreements right down to responsibility for complete systems during the entire life-cycle. Customers also benefit from a comprehensive network of service centers for all braking and on-board systems. 13 Rail Vehicle Systems Knorr-Bremse Systeme fur Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH Moosacher Stra? e 80 80809 Munich Germany Tel: +49 89 3547 0 Fax: +49 89 3547 2767 www. knorr-bremse. om Europe – Africa Austria – Modling Dr. techn. J. ZELISKO GmbH Tel: +43 2236 409 0 Knorr-Bremse GmbH Tel: +43 2236 409 0 Austria – Kematen/Ybbs Knorr-Bremse GmbH Division IFE Tel: +43 7448 9000 Czech Republic – Brno IFE-CR, a. s. Tel: +42 0532 159 111 IGE-CZ s. r. o. Tel: +42 0548 424 050 France – Reims Freinrail Systemes Ferroviaires S. A. Tel: +33 3 2679 7200 Germany – Berlin Knorr-Bremse Systeme fur Schi enenfahrzeuge GmbH Zweigniederlassung Berlin Tel: +49 30 9392 0 Hungary – Budapest Knorr-Bremse Vasuti Jarmu Rendszerek Hungaria Kft. Tel: +36 1421 1100 Italy – Florence Knorr-Bremse Rail Systems Italia S. r. l.Tel: +39 055 3020 1 Italy – Rozzano Microelettrica Scientifica SpA Tel: +39 02 575 731 Netherlands – Leeuwarden IFE Tebel Technologies B. V. Tel: +31 58 297 3333 Poland – Krakow Knorr-Bremse Systemy dla Kolejowych Srodkow Lokomocji PL Sp. z o. o. Tel: +48 12 260 96 10 Romania – Bucharest Knorr-Bremse SRL Tel: +40 37 400 5155 Russia – Moscow Knorr-Bremse Systeme fur Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH Tel: +7 495 739 01 13 South Africa – Spartan Knorr-Bremse (SA) (Pty) Ltd. Tel: +27 11 961 7800 South Africa – Johannesburg Microelettrica Scientifica (PTY) Ltd Tel: +27 11 794 3330 Spain – Madrid Merak Sistemas Integrados de Climatizacion, S.A. Tel: +34 91 495 90 00 Sociedad Espanola de Frenos Calefaccion y Senales, S. A. T el: +34 91 145 9400 Sweden – Lund Knorr-Bremse Nordic Rail Services AB Tel: +46 46 3293 50 Switzerland – Niederhasli Oerlikon-Knorr Eisenbahntechnik AG Tel:+41 44 852 31 11 United Kingdom – Melksham Knorr-Bremse Rail Systems (UK) Ltd. Tel: +44 1225 898 700 United Kingdom – Derby Sydac Ldt Derwent Business Centre Tel: +44 1332 299 600 United Kingdom – Donchaster Techtrain Associates Ltd Tel: +44 1302 360043 Americ a Brazil – Sao Paulo Knorr-Bremse Sistemas para Veiculos Ferroviarios Ltda. Tel: +55 11 5681 1129 Canada – Kingston Knorr Brake Ltd.Tel: +1 613 389 46 60 USA – Randolph Microelettrica USA LLC Tel: +1 973 598 0806 USA – Watertown New York Air Brake Corporation Tel: +1 315 786 52 00 USA – West Chicago Anchor Brake Shoe Company Tel: +1 630 293 1110 USA – Westminster IFE North America Tel: +1 410 875 1468 Knorr Brake Corporation Tel: +1 410 875 09 00 Merak North America LLC Tel: +1 410 875 09 00 A sia – Australia Australia – Granville NSW Knorr-Bremse Australia Pty. Ltd. Tel: +61 2 8863 6500 Australia – Adelaide Sydac Pty Ldt Tel: +61 8239 3600 China – Beijing Knorr-Bremse CARS LD Vehicle Brake Disc Manufacturing (Beijing) Co. Ltd. Tel: +86 10 5101 0999 Knorr-Bremse Nankou Air Supply Unit (Beijing) Co. Ltd. Tel: +86 10 5164 2640 Knorr-Bremse Systems for Rail Vehicles (Suzhou) Co. Ltd. Beijing Office Tel: +86 10 6802 9088 China – Guangzhou Westinghouse Platform Screen Doors (Guangzhou) Ltd. Tel: +86 20 8770 8700 China – Hong Kong Knorr-Bremse Asia Pacific (Holding) Limited Tel: +852 3657 9800 China – Qingdao IFE-Victall Railway Vehicle Door Systems (Qingdao) Co. , Ltd. Tel: +86 532 8793 8512 China – Shanghai Merak Railways Technologies (Shanghai) Co. , Ltd.Tel: +86 21 5192 5800 China – Suzhou New District Knorr-Bremse Systems for Rail Vehicles (Suzhou) Co. Ltd. Tel: +86 512 6616 5666 This publication may be subject to alteration without prior notice. A printed copy of this document may not be the latest revision. Please contact your local Knorr-Bremse representative or check our website www. knorr-bremse. com for the latest update. The figurative mark â€Å"K† and the trademarks KNORR and KNORRBREMSE are registered in the name of Knorr-Bremse AG. Copyright 2007  © Knorr-Bremse AG – All rights reserved.Including industrial property rights applications. Knorr-Bremse AG retains any power of disposal, such as for copying and transferring. China – Wuxi Merak Jinxin Air Conditioning Systems (Wuxi) Co. , Ltd. Tel: +86 510 8558 3133 India – Faridabad Knorr-Bremse India Private Ltd. Tel: +91 129 227 64 09 Japan – Tokyo Knorr-Bremse Rail Systems Japan Ltd. Tel: +81 3 53 91 10 13 Korea – Seoul Knorr-Bremse Rail Systems Korea Ltd. Tel: +82 2 22 80 55 55 Singapore – Singapore Knorr-Bremse Asia Pacific (Holding) Limited Tel: +65 6555 0105 P-1203-EN-03 09. 2010

Adolescent Years Essay

A child’s body begins a period of rapid change in size and shape approximately around the age of 10 years in girls and 12 years in boys. This is called the â€Å"adolescent growth spurt. † During the next four years, an average girl may grow 10 inches taller and gain 40 to 50 pounds. An average boy may grow 12 inches taller and gain 50 to 60 pounds. At the same time, their body shape begins to change, too. The nutritional requirements of young people are influenced primarily by the spurt of growth that occurs at puberty. The peak of growth is generally between 11 and 15 years for girls and 13 and 16 years for boys. The nutrient needs of individual teenagers differ greatly, and food intake can vary enormously from day to day, so that those with deficient or excessive intakes on one day may well compensate on the next. In this period of life, several nutrients are at greater deficiency risk including iron and calcium. Iron Among adolescents, iron-deficiency anemia is one of the most common diet-related deficiency diseases. Adolescents are particularly susceptible to iron deficiency anaemia in view of their increased blood volume and muscle mass during growth and development. This raises the need of iron for building up hemoglobin, the red pigment in blood that carries oxygen, and for the related protein myoglobin, in muscle. The increase in lean body mass (LBM), composed mainly of muscle, is more important in adolescent boys than in girls. In preadolescent years, LBM is about the same for both sexes. Once adolescence starts, however, the boy undergoes a more rapid accumulation of LBM for each additional kilogram of body weight gained during growth, ending up with a final LBM maximum value double that of the girl. The iron needs of adolescents are relatively high; this is because iron is needed to replace the blood lost during menstruation in girls and to support the growth of muscle mass in boys. The RDA for iron for boys is 11 mg/day, while the RDA for girls is 15 mg/day. If energy intake is adequate and adolescents consume food sources of heme iron such as lean meat/fish/poultry each day, they should be able to meet the RDA for iron. All these factors should be taken into account when assessing iron needs in this group of age. One of the most important diet considerations during adolescence is an increase in the intake of iron-rich foods such as lean meats and fish as well as beans, dark green vegetables, nuts and iron-fortified cereals and other grains. Iron from animal foods is much better absorbed than iron from non-animal sources. Adolescents following vegetarian diets are therefore at an increased risk of iron-deficiency. However, vitamin C (e. g. from citrus fruits) and animal proteins (meat & fish) assist in the absorption of heme iron. Calcium The skeleton accounts for at least 99% of the body stores of calcium and the gain in skeletal weight are most rapid during the adolescent growth spurt. About 45% of the adult skeletal mass is formed during adolescence, although its growth continues well beyond the adolescent period and into the third decade. All the calcium for the growth of the skeleton must be derived from the diet. The largest gains are made in early adolescence, between about 10-14 years in girls and 12-16 years in boys. The AI for calcium from age 9 through adolescence is 1,300 mg/day. This amount of calcium can be difficult for many adolescents to consume because the quality of foods they select is often less than optimal to meet their nutrient needs. However, this level of calcium intake is easily achieved by eating at least 3 servings of dairy foods or calcium-fortified products daily. The achievement of peak bone mass during childhood and adolescence is crucial to reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later years. By eating several servings of dairy products, such as milk, yogurt and cheese, the recommended calcium intake can be achieved. As well as a good dietary supply of calcium, other vitamins or minerals, like vitamin D and phosphorous, are needed for building up bones. Physical activity is also essential, particularly weight-bearing exercise, which provides the stimulus to build and retain bone in the body. Activities such as cycling, gymnastics, skating, ball games, dancing and supervised weight training for at least 30-60 minutes a day, three to five times a week can help build bone mass and density. Making the right dietary and lifestyle choices early in life will help young people develop health-promoting behaviors’ that they can follow throughout life. Encouraging Healthy Foods Dietary habits that affect food preferences, energy consumption and nutrient intakes, are generally developed in early childhood and particularly during adolescence. The home and school environments play a major role in determining a child’s attitude to, and consumption of individual foods. Teenagers, as well as being exposed to periodic food fads and slimming trends, tend to skip meals and develop irregular eating habits. One of the most frequently missed meals is breakfast. Studies show that breakfast plays an important role in providing needed energy and nutrients after an overnight fast and can aid in concentration and performance at school. Snacks generally form an integral part of meal patterns for both children and teenagers. Younger children cannot eat large quantities at one sitting and often get hungry long before the next regular mealtime. Mid-morning and mid-afternoon snacks can help to meet energy needs throughout the day. Fast-growing and active teenagers often have substantial energy and nutrition needs and the teaching of food and nutrition in the school curricula will enable children to have the knowledge to make informed choices about the foods in their regular meals and snacks. Energy Needs Normally, the energy requirements of adolescents tend to parallel their growth rate, and individuals meet their energy needs by means of their appetite with adequate precision. As a result, the majority of adolescents maintain energy balance, and a varied food intake provides sufficient nutrients to ensure optimal growth and development. Stress and emotional upsets however can seriously affect the energy balance in adolescents, resulting in the consumption of too little or too much food. Mild or severe infections, nervousness, menstrual, dental or skin problems (acne) can result in alterations of appetite, and those adolescents on marginal diets are the most vulnerable. Emotional stress is often associated with food faddism and slimming trends, both of which can lead to eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa. On the other hand, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is now a major nutritional problem and the condition is likely to persist into adulthood. Developing adolescents are particularly concerned about their body image and excessive weight can have profound effects on their emotional well being as well as on their physical health. The cause of obesity is multifactorial and socio-economic, biochemical, genetic, and psychological factors all closely interact. Lack of activity plays an important role in the development, progression and perpetuation of obesity in adolescence. Surveys of young people have found that the majority is largely inactive and health professionals and governments are now encouraging higher levels of physical activity among children and adolescents. Physical inactivity does not only have a prime role in the development of overweight and obesity, but also on the development of chronic diseases such as heart disease, certain cancers, diabetes, hypertension, bowel problems and osteoporosis in later life. In addition, physical activity is related to improvements in body flexibility, balance, agility and co-ordination and strengthening of bones. The current recommendation is for children to try to be physically active for at least 60 minutes daily. The adolescent growth spurt requires many different nutrients. Calcium is especially important for bone growth and health because 45% of the bone an adult has is built up during adolescence. Although some teenagers become concerned that they are not changing as rapidly as their friends or other classmates in school, there is wide variation in the age at which the adolescent growth spurts starts. It is generally more dependent on the hereditary characteristics than on being a certain age. It is important to emphasize that changes in body size and shape are part of normal adolescent development. Females gain proportionally more body fat during this time, while males gain proportionally more muscle and bone mass. One of the changes taking place during adolescence is the varying hormonal levels in the body. These hormones are responsible for the changes seen in the physical development of the body and secondary characteristics such as facial hair growth and deepening voices. For most micronutrients, recommendations are the same as for adults. Exceptions are made for certain minerals needed for bone growth (calcium and phosphorus). Dieting is not appropriate at this stage of life, it is important for teens to stick to a healthy diet and get lots of physical activity. A healthy diet consists of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, lean proteins, low-fat dairy products, beans, lentils and healthy fats from olive oil, avocado, nuts and fish. It is also important for teens to stay hydrated and drink water throughout the day. The following menu provides approximately 2,500 calories and is broken down into three meals and two snacks. Since you don’t have control over how many calories your teen eats, here are some ways you can encourage them to eat healthy. Encourage them to eat snacks between meals and to try not to go over 4 hours without eating. This will help keep their energy up and help them to stay focused in school. Encourage them to include a fruit or vegetable with every meal and snack. This will help to ensure they are eating adequate vitamins, minerals and fiber. Breakfast Breakfast should include 2 servings of fruit, 1 serving of protein and 3 servings of whole grains. An example meal is 1/2 cup of berries, 6 oz. range juice, 1 whole grain bagel and 2 tbsp. peanut butter Mid-morning Snack A mid-morning snack should include1 dairy or dairy substitute serving, 2 whole grains and 1 fruit. An example snack is string cheese, 8 whole grain crackers and ? cup of grapes. Lunch Lunch should include 2 servings of vegetables, 3 whole grains, 3 servings of protein and 2 servings of dairy or dairy substitute. An example meal is a turkey sandwich with 2 slices of whole grain bread, 3 oz. of turkey, 2 slices of cheese, 10 whole grain pretzel sticks, ? cup baby carrots. Bring a separate bag of veggies like tomatoes and lettuce to add to the sandwich. Mid-afternoon Snack A mid-afternoon snack should include 1 whole grain, 1 protein and 1 fruit. An example snack is to make trail mix and mix together ? cup whole grain cereal and 1/4 cup nuts and dried fruit. Dinner Dinner should include 3 servings of vegetables, 4 whole grains, 3 servings of protein, and 1 serving of low-fat dairy or dairy substitute. An example meal is 1. 5 cups of whole grain pasta topped with ? cup tomato-based pasta sauce; 1 slice of garlic toast; 3 oz. of chicken breast; 1 cup salad topped with carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers and olives; 1 tbsp. salad dressing; and 1 cup of skim or 1-percent milk.

Produce a clear understand of the Coca-Cola Company in Australia Essay

This report was written to satisfy the pass requirements of Marketing in Principles at Sydney Western International College. This study is aims to produce a clear understand of the Coca-Cola Company in Australia. The analysis of the Coca-Coal company brings an overview of how does the company has achieved its goals, their strategies and future growth. The investigation was also seek to find out how this well populated Coca-Cola products satisfied the customers and how they are different from other companies upon their marketing strategies. In order to achieve the objectives literature search was conducted by using websites, books, newspaper articles and journals. These categories help to compare the general marketing strategies with the Coca-Cola company strategies. Useful information regards to marketing help us to study the environment of the company. The final outcome of the report was that they have followed a complete theory on marketing to achieve its goals. Even the company had to face for the decline stage, the performance of the good management and advertising tools assist the organization to win the market and avoid distractions. The biggest challenge was been the Pepsi company which had a diametrical increase within a short time and populated in all over the world as Coca-Cola changing the whole marketing situation and attracting other companies consumers to their product. In conclusion this research was able to carry out current marketing situation, SWOT analysis, Issue Analysis, Company objectives, Marketing Strategy, Action Programs and Controls of the Coca-Cola Company. Strengths in Coca Cola Company (sponsorships) 1. In August 1993, FIFA working in co-operation with The Coca-Cola Company introduced a ranking system for football (soccer) men senior national teams. The system makes it possible to publish comparisons of the relevance strengths of internationally active teams at regular intervals. Since its introduction, the FIFA/Coca-Cola Ranking has proved to be a reliable measure for comparing national A-teams. To ensure that the FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking always reflects the current status, FIFA primarily evaluates matches played in the 12 months prior to the date on which it is issued. Performance over the previous years is also taken into account, however. Basically, the score obtained from the current 12 months is added to that of the immediately preceding seven years with each previous year being devalued continually. The company help for sports it is a charity work 2. Healthy eating, physical activity what promotes healthy bones in growing children and youth? According to a decade of significant research, a combination of exercise and adequate calcium intake encourages good bone development in adolescents and children. To absorb calcium properly, a child also needs sufficient Vitamin D. Some parents wonder if other food and beverage ingredients could influence bone development. Studies on phosphorous and caffeine — both used in small amounts in soft drinks — have shown they have no significant effect on bone mass. The U.S. National Institutes of Health, as well as other sources, report no appreciable connection between these nutrients and an individual’s calcium balance. This position counters a small body of work that has suggested associations between soft drink consumption and bone fractures in teen girls. The company help for children’s activities 3. Community works Society advances on the strength of community: people sharing their ideas and resources to reach common goals. We seek to strengthen local communities worldwide through our support for education, through partnerships with other organizations and through acts of citizenship by the people of Coca-Cola. We support education because of its power to expand opportunities for individuals and increase understanding between cultures. We partner with national and international organizations to alleviate economic disadvantage and help improve the quality of life in local communities. Together with our local bottling partners, we strengthen communities by giving with our hands and our hearts, as partners in the promise of a better life. (Strength, 2004) Weaknesses in Coca Cola Company. The threat of Coca Cola Company is that as their business too much vast compare to this their branches all around the world are not enough. (Our company, 2004) Opportunities in Coca Cola Company In regard to opportunities of Coca Cola Company are the western Philippines island of Pal wan, poverty-stricken children at rural schools have been known to look for edible plants to eat during recess. The Philippines Division of The Coca-Cola Company has launched a community initiative called â€Å"NutriBreak† to improve the daily nutrition intake of underprivileged children who attend Little Red Schoolhouses. Under the nutrition program, the government’s Food and Nutrition Research Institute and Banquet State University have partnered to develop a nutritious snack for the schoolchildren. The snack provides kids with the daily requirement of protein and carbohydrates and is served with our vitamin-fortified Eight O’clock orange juice drink, as a part of the Philippines Division’s Active Lifestyle (AL) program. The Little Red Schoolhouse Project, the flagship program of The Coca-Cola Foundation Philippines, has already built fifty schoolhouses in the Philippines’ remote areas. The â€Å"NutriBreak† nutrition program will ultimately reach all fifty Little Red Schoolhouses They try to expand children’s charity works (our company 2003) THE COCA-COLA COMPANY INCREASES ANNUAL DIVIDEND BY 11 PERCENT 40th Consecutive Annual Increase Atlanta, February 21, 2002 – The Coca-Cola Company’s Board of Directors today announced it has increased the quarterly dividend from 18 cents to 20 cents per common share, equivalent to an annual dividend of 80 cents per share. This increase reflects the Company’s significant free cash flow generation. This is the Company’s 40th consecutive annual increase of its dividend. The dividend is payable April 1, 2002, to share owners of record as of March 15, 2002. They increased their board of directors Threats in Coca Cola Company The have only one company to challenge for their products it is Pepsi cola company. But however they have a complete control over it. (Threats, 2004) Action Programs As for as new products are concerned they are looking for health-conscious consumers should as consumers first look to nutrient-rich foods to obtain their daily nutrition. In this regard their Chef Barr Hogen is working out. (New releases, 2004) Four New Products, Super Nutrition The new Odwalla juice beverages – Blueberry Smoothie, Protein Tropic ale(tm), Passionate â€Å"C†(tm) and Organic Orange Juice – are available in 1.5 litre (50.8 fluid oz.) multi-serve recyclable-plastic bottles. Blueberry Smoothie and Protein Tropic ale(tm) are also offered in a new 11 fluid oz. size bundled into handy 4-packs. Suggested retail price for the multi-serve and 4-packs are $3.99 each, providing an affordable price for such premium juice products. These new products will be stocked in the refrigerated juice case, making it convenient for consumers to find them in the store. Drink It and Thrive At Odwalla, they chosen a variety of great-tasting and nutritious fruits, as well as other ingredients call ‘super foods’ – for these new juice beverages and Smoothie,† are for healthiness and Wellness. As health-conscious consumers should first look to nutrient-rich foods to obtain their daily nutrition. Too often, consumers turn to pills and powders for what they think is an easy nutritional fix. Juices, however, are a convenient, flavourful and hydrating form of natural nutrition.† Chef Hogen’s newest product recipes include a line-up of four delicious tasting products: * Odwalla Blueberry Smoothie is a blend of blueberries, blackberries and raspberries combined with oranges, apples and bananas to make a sweet and silky Smoothie. The bluesy blueberries boast a blow to free radicals, with a rhapsody of antioxidants and anthocyanins. This 100% fruit juice blend contains no added sweeteners. * Odwalla Protein Tropic ale is a tantalizing blend of tropical fruit juices and purees such as pineapple, mango and passionfruit, combined with 4 grams of soy protein per serving. * Odwalla Passionate â€Å"C† is a scrumptious sipper of orange, apple, mango, banana, strawberry, and acerola cherry (one of nature’s highest vitamin C-packed fruits) and passionfruit. Each vibrant 8 fluid oz. serving provides 470% of the Daily Value for vitamin C. * Odwalla Organic Orange Juice, made only from certified 100% organically grown oranges, underscores the company’s commitment to sustainable agriculture and natural-resources conservation. The Coca-Cola Company objectives Marketing Objectives The company is dedicated to provide and maintain a safe and healthy workplace for its employees, suppliers, contractors and customers. As the company is large it is hard to continue to grow at a steady space. The competition is higher than ever before. And the forthcoming competition and challenge for the company in the targeting markets leads them to be more accurate and more efficient. The company has faced for the big challenge with its main against competitor â€Å"Pepsi†. Since the time the company met this new competitor it has to change its strategies, directors, distribution methods and promotion system. As consumers are drinking more and more new beverages, coca-cola company plan to improve their products with respect to the prices. The following objectives have been taken into consideration (Coca-ColaCCA, 2003) Market Place * Improve the quality of the product and deliver that quality without any changes to every market place. * Gain the success of suppliers, distributors and retailers who connected with the coca-cola network. * Provide more jobs, facilities, and marketing in the local market as well as in the global market. * Reduce the price but remain the quality of product or increase the quality of the product. * Innovation in the products they offer, the process they use to make them, the package they develop and ways they bring them to the market will change to a proper way and increase the efficiency,. The delivery system will faster than ever before. Work Place * Improve the safety of the work place. * Make it as the most diverse organization on the earth, with talented employees who bring a variety of intellectual, professional, ethnic and cultural perspectives to the company. * Make the policies to foster an inclusive environment that encourages all employees to develop and perform to their fullest potential. Consumer Needs * Improve the tasty and provide more hygienic beverages than today. * Offer a valuable price, which satisfied the customer. * Readily available in every time in the market place, especially where in places that the product is well consumed. * Fulfil the consumer’s expectation in order to satisfy the consumers and win the market place. *Growth Drivers, which company targeting on, are; -Profitable profit generation -Cost reduction -Customer service improvement -Capital Management -The Coca-Cola company relationship Financial Objectives The company is now focusing on the earning per share. They are expecting to increase the earning per share from 12% to 15%. Also expect to increase the net profit from 10% to 15% and return on capital employed growth from 1pt to 1.5pts. The changes of financial performance over the previous years indicate the future growth of the company (Refer Appendix- A and B and C). Current Marketing Situation ? Market Situation The company has a strong place in the market. The head of the marketing Mr. Sergio Zyman develop the company strategies to promote their product more efficiently than other competitors. From the whole beverage the Coca-Cola Company has achieved market more than 78%. With its indulgency, the company has the best selling and quality assurance comparing to other beverages. ? Service Situation The company performs a standard delivery service, which runs on time basis. Services are spread into every state including NSW, Victoria, Perth, and Queensland. High quality service guarantees that the company product exists in the market better than before. Marketing executives of the company always capable and available to help for their customers and resellers. The company well conducted with their wholesalers and retailers in order to encourage them and to be with them. Attract to another competitor is neglected upon this situation. ? Distribution Situation The company has the best selling images. It reserves more on advertising and it’s been useful and beneficial to increase their profit and production. Introductions like ‘fast-lane merchandisers’ are continually increase each period. Agreements with colleges, universities and other public and private sectors help them to keep their product in one whole market and avoid entering of other competitors. (Schermehorn etal, 2004 p 46) Conclusion From all above facts and figure of the company. The strength of the company more than the weakness and likewise opportunities with compare to threats it concludes that company has strong swot analysis, which is a positive sign. As for as Current Marketing Situation is concerned with respect to market situation, service situation and distribution situation is much better than its competitors (Pepsi). The company is dedicated to provide and maintain a safe and healthy workplace for its employees, suppliers, contractors and customers; the coca cola company also have many campaigns in markets. Financial Objectives the Coca-Cola Company objectives are increasing day by day which shows that company will increase its sale ratio annually from 11% of the previous year to 20% in next coming 5 years. Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C KEY FINANCIALS 2003 2002 2001 2000 Change in 2000-2003 Revenue ($ million) 1,882.9 1,776.8 1,675.1 1,558.1 +6.5% Volume (million unit cases) 301.2 285.8 275.1 263.3 +4.6% Revenue per Unit Case ($) 6.25 6.22 6.09 5.92 +1.8% EBIT ($ million) 377.7 317.0 288.9 272.0 +11.6% EBIT margin (%) 20.1 17.8 17.2 17.5 Capex to Revenue (%) 5.2 1.7 3.5 4.8 Reference List Coca-ColaCCA, 2003 the CCA World [online] http://www.coca colacca .com _20020301 .html (Accessed: 29-04-04) My company, 2003 The Coca Cola Company [online] http://www2.coca-cola.com/ourcompany/whatsnew_20030404 .html – 24.2KB – in: 1, Coca: 1, Cola: 1, Company: 1, opportunities in.: 25 (Accessed: 29-04-04) New releases, 2004 The Coca Cola Company [online] http://www2cocacolacom/pre sscenter/nr_20030204_odwalla_new_juices.html (Accessed: 15-05-04) Our Company, 2004 The Coca Cola Company [online] http://www2.coca-cola.com/ourcompany/whatsnew_20020301 .html – 23.5KB – in: 1, Coca: 1, Cola: 1, Company: 1, weaknesses in.: 23 (Accessed: 29-04-04) Schermehorn etal, 2004 p46. Marketing Strategies: Ed: 4 New York (29-04-04) Threats, 2004 The Coca Cola Company [online] http://www2.coca cola.com /our company/whatsnew_20020301.html – 23.5KB – in: 1, Coca: 1, Cola: 1, Company: 1, weaknesses in.: 23(Accessed: 05-05-04)

Free Essays on Why Induction Is Invalid

Why Induction is Invalid Induction is the process of deriving general principles from particular facts or instances. The â€Å"problem of induction† lies in the using of a finite number of instances and generalizing those instances to an infinite possibility of instances. Philosophers of science are constantly debating on whether the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved or if it is unsolvable. The following essay looks at one author who claims that the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved. This essay will examine the article Philosophical Foundations of Physics: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science by Rudolf Carnap. The first section will reconstruct Carnap’s argument of why he believes the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved and the second section will deal with a critical analysis of his argument. The following is the reconstruction of Carnap’s argument from the essay titled in the introduction: If logical/inductive probability can be used to show 100% confirmation with no negative instances, then the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved. Logical/inductive probability can be used to show 100% confirmation with no negative instances. Therefore, the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved. In the first premise, Carnap explores the foundation of his argument. The foundation of his argument lies in using induction to derive a valid deductive argument. His reasoning behind this is due to the fact that the conclusion of an inductive argument is never certain. Even if the premises are assumed to be true and the inference is a valid inductive argument, the conclusion may be false (Carnap, p. 17-18). On the other hand, the conclusion to a valid deductive argument is always certain. In deductive logic, inference leads from a set of premises to a conclusion just as certain as the premises. If you have reason to believe the premises, you have equally valid reason to believe the conclusion that... Free Essays on Why Induction Is Invalid Free Essays on Why Induction Is Invalid Why Induction is Invalid Induction is the process of deriving general principles from particular facts or instances. The â€Å"problem of induction† lies in the using of a finite number of instances and generalizing those instances to an infinite possibility of instances. Philosophers of science are constantly debating on whether the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved or if it is unsolvable. The following essay looks at one author who claims that the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved. This essay will examine the article Philosophical Foundations of Physics: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science by Rudolf Carnap. The first section will reconstruct Carnap’s argument of why he believes the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved and the second section will deal with a critical analysis of his argument. The following is the reconstruction of Carnap’s argument from the essay titled in the introduction: If logical/inductive probability can be used to show 100% confirmation with no negative instances, then the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved. Logical/inductive probability can be used to show 100% confirmation with no negative instances. Therefore, the â€Å"problem of induction† can be solved. In the first premise, Carnap explores the foundation of his argument. The foundation of his argument lies in using induction to derive a valid deductive argument. His reasoning behind this is due to the fact that the conclusion of an inductive argument is never certain. Even if the premises are assumed to be true and the inference is a valid inductive argument, the conclusion may be false (Carnap, p. 17-18). On the other hand, the conclusion to a valid deductive argument is always certain. In deductive logic, inference leads from a set of premises to a conclusion just as certain as the premises. If you have reason to believe the premises, you have equally valid reason to believe the conclusion that...

Human Resource Roles and Responsibilities

Human Resource Roles and Responsibilities Free Online Research Papers Human Resources Management (HRM) is a continually changing process, focusing on an organization’s staffing needs, how to fill those needs, and how to adjust to the circumstances and specifications required. Staffing, training, and managing employees while maintaining performance standards and capabilities requires a knowledgeable and flexible human resources department (HRD). Factors pertaining to globalization, technology, diversity, e-business, and ethics (University of Phoenix, 2010, Syllabus) constantly pull organizations in different directions. This paper briefly describes the role of HRM and its response to trends, and existing factors faced in an ever-changing society. Changing Roles of HR Management HRM’s purpose is to manage what is considered to be an organization’s most valued asset; its employees. Hiring people, training them to fulfill specific needs, making good use of employee’s talents, tending to the employee’s needs, and rewarding their services accordingly are tasks HRM must fulfill. When external factors and environmental changes occur, HRM’s decisions must adjust accordingly, preparing not only for the present, but also for the future. Globalization For many years, numerous borders have prevented companies and countries from doing business together. However, many of those borders have vanished, permitting organizations to do business openly and without limitations. By joining forces, and relying on the core competencies of numerous organizations and the people involved, companies can attain higher levels of efficiency and profitability. Although advances in technology, and the desire to cut costs while remaining competitive and profitable exist, organizations must consider how these changes affect HRM and what the long term effects are based on the options available. One aspect of globalization with respect to HRM is outsourcing. Outsourcing refers to the practice of allowing one company to provide services for another (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhert, Wright, 2007). Organizations see outsourcing as â€Å"a chance to turn around a dying business, speed up the pace of innovation, and fund projects that under normal operations would be unaffordable (Bloomberg Business Week, 2006). To survive and remain competitive, companies must develop new global markets, adjust to new challenges, and incorporate every advantage globalization offers. Technology â€Å"Advances in computer-related technology have had a major impact on the use of information for managing human resources† (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhert, Wright, 2007, Technological Change in HRM, para. 1). Filing, storing, sorting, and gathering information was previously very time-consuming and tedious. Today, computers permit limitless amounts of data and personal information to be transferred and stored at the click of a button. Communication between suppliers and distributors are almost instantaneous, saving both time and money on numerous phone calls between departments. As technology becomes more advanced however, additional training is required, permitting companies to stay ahead of the competition by acquiring and implementing those changes into their normal operating procedures. HRM prepares an organization and its employees to make that transition as easy as possible. Even though technology is normally very expensive and time consuming to integrate, it is a necessit y for growth and sustainability. Diversity â€Å"Managing diversity means to manage the various types of matters and employees in the company† (Small Business Bible, 2008, p. 1). HRDs are forced to change the way they attract, staff, and retain a company’s workforce, especially because most baby boomers are now entering retirement. Additionally, more women are now working full-time, up significantly from previous decades. To capitalize on diversity, organizations must embrace the idea of hiring a diverse workforce. Taking advantage of cultural, ethnical, gender and racial differences, and then managing those differences is a task HRM must undertake. Promoting and accepting cultural differences, ensuring involvement in education inside and outside of the organization, and dealing with any resistance to diversification is another aspect of HRM (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhert, Wright, 2007, A Diverse Workforce, para. 2). E-Business Electronic Business (E-Business) is defined as, â€Å"any process a business conducts electronically, especially business involving use of the internet (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhert, Wright, 2007, p. 50). E-Business has changed the way companies promote, advertise, market, and communicate not only their products and services, but also the company’s main purpose and focus of doing business. However, HRM faces new challenges because e-business and technology constantly changes, requiring constant training of current employees, and hiring qualified people outside of the company. If training is too extensive, then qualified people in the related field require higher salaries because of the supply and demand aspect of the position. Management must weigh their options carefully when providing and conducting e-business in today’s marketplace. Ethics Ethics is one of the most widely discussed aspects of business because every organization operates under specific principles and morals. What defines ethics is the ability to distinguish right from wrong, and good from bad. In business, organizations must operate in good faith with the goal of helping society and the environment within. HRM faces numerous challenges to safeguard the company’s beliefs while ensuring the employees rights and responsibilities are protected. A current discussion among society is an organizations right to outsource labor to other countries. Companies outsource to save money, increase revenue and shareholder value, and to remain competitive. However, in today’s economic downturn, is it right for United States based companies to outsource labor to overseas countries instead of helping the economy by outsourcing labor to companies residing in the United States? This topic is something currently discussed by legislation, requiring businesses to rethink how they do business, and the decisions management makes. Conclusion â€Å"The most valuable resources for enhancing competitiveness are human resources† (Goetsch Davis, 2010, Chapter 2, p. 36). Pulling those resources together and capitalizing on each person’s diversity, experiences, knowledge, and personalities is HRM’s goal. A business’s success relies heavily on management’s ability to group talented individuals, and link their abilities so that a specific goal is met. Without this ability, companies tend to struggle, finding it hard to overcome new obstacles found in a constantly changing environment. References Bloomberg Business Week. (2006). The Future of Outsourcing. Retrieved from businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_05/b3969401.htm Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2010). Quality management for organizational excellence: Introduction to total quality (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, MGT449Quality Management and Productivity Course website. Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhert, B., Wright, P. M. (2007). Fundamentals of Human Resource Management. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, MGT431- Human Resources Management Course website. Small Business Bible. (2008). Human resource management and managing diversity. Retrieved from smallbusinessbible.org/hr_management_managingdiversity.html University of Phoenix. (2010). Course Syllabus. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, MGT/431- Human Resources Management Course website. Research Papers on Human Resource Roles and ResponsibilitiesMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part OneGenetic Engineering